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當前位置:首頁  >  技術文章  >  煤氣化過程在線監測——魯奇爐加壓氣化工藝原位氣體精準分析

煤氣化過程在線監測——魯奇爐加壓氣化工藝原位氣體精準分析

更新時間:2025-12-09      點擊次數:80

魯奇爐氣體成分監測是效率與安全的基石

在以煤為原料的制氣技術中,固定床、流化床、氣流床等工藝各具特點。其中,魯奇加壓氣化法作為歷史最悠久的固定床加壓氣化工藝之一,以其碎煤逆流氣化、副產焦油和甲烷含量高的獨特優勢,在煤制天然氣(SNG)、城市煤氣及化工合成氣領域持續發揮著重要作用。然而,其復雜的反應過程與多元化的產物組成,對實時、精準的氣體成分監測提出了要求。掌握關鍵氣體組分數據,是優化工藝操作、保障安全生產、提升經濟效益的核心前提。

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氣體監測的核心痛點

1、工藝簡述

碎煤自爐頂加入,氣化劑(氧氣+水蒸氣)由爐底逆流而上。煤料在爐內經歷從脫水熱解到深度氣化的完整反應鏈:頂部低溫區完成干燥與干餾,析出揮發分;中部高溫區發生氣化反應,生成以CO、H2、CH4為主的有效氣;底部燃燒區為氣化提供熱量,最終形成灰渣排出。

這一高度動態且跨越多個溫區與反應類型的非均相體系,不僅反應過程復雜,其產物組成也具有多樣性,除目標產物CH4外,還伴生重烴、焦油、酚、氨、硫化物等多種組分。加之高溫、高壓、高粉塵、高焦油的嚴苛工況,使得對關鍵氣體成分(如CO、H2、CH4、CO2、O2及其他污染物)的實時、精準監測,成為優化工藝效率、保障安全運行與提升經濟效益的核心挑戰。

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2、關鍵反應過程的監測意義:

• C+H2O→CO+H2

作為主要的吸熱氣化反應,其產物H2與CO的濃度直接反映氣化效率,是過程監控的核心指標。

• C+2H2→CH4

該放熱反應是魯奇爐生產高熱值CH4的特色路徑,因此監測CH4濃度成為評估裝置經濟產出的關鍵依據。

• CO+H2O→CO2+H2

這一可逆的水煤氣變換反應深刻影響氣體組成,實時監測CO、CO2及H2的濃度并關注其比例,對于理解反應平衡和優化工藝至關重要。

3、監測難點:

• 全組分分析需求迫切:粗煤氣成分極其復雜,包含H2、CO、CO2、CH4、N2、O2(微量)、H2S、NH3,以及焦油蒸氣、粉塵等。需要同時、快速獲取關鍵組分濃度,以全面評估氣化狀態、熱值、工藝效率及安全風險。傳統分析方法有所局限,如色譜檢測周期長,傅里葉紅外無法測H2、N2、O2等雙原子分子且交叉干擾嚴重等。

• 甲烷與有效氣收率:需要精確、快速地監測粗煤氣中CH4及高階烴CnHm濃度并準確判斷其熱值,這是魯奇爐經濟價值的重要體現。同時,H2和CO等有效氣的濃度也是優化目標。

• 復雜惡劣工況的嚴峻挑戰:在高溫、高壓、高焦油、高粉塵、含腐蝕性氣體(如H2S)的環境中連續作業,極易導致采樣系統堵塞、設備腐蝕失效;光學測量窗口污染、信號衰減失真;傳統預處理系統維護頻繁、可靠性低等結果。

• 安全風險實時監控:系統置換所殘存的微量O2是爆炸隱患;H2S、COS等有毒有害氣體威脅人員健康與設備安全,需要高靈敏度、穩定可靠的監測。


關鍵氣體濃度監測點位與核心需求

1、粗煤氣出口(最核心點位):

監測組分:H2、N2、O2、CO、CO2、H2S、NO、CH4、C2H2、C2H4、C2H6、C3H6、C3H8、i-C4H8、n-C4H8、i-C4H10、n-C4H10等全組分分析。

需求:多組分同步在線測量、快速響應、高精度的抗焦油/粉塵/水汽干擾能力、耐高溫高壓腐蝕、低維護。此點位數據是工藝調控、效率計算(熱值、甲烷收率、碳轉化率)和安全監控的核心依據。

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2、洗滌冷卻塔出口/凈化氣入口:

監測組分:CO、CO2、CH4、H2S、H2、O2、N2等。

需求:此處氣體相對潔凈,但仍需穩定可靠的多組分或關鍵組分濃度監測,以評估洗滌、凈化效果,控制下游工段。如下圖所示,LRGA-3200EX對煤氣化裝置洗滌塔出口中粗煤氣樣品進行拉曼光譜掃描分析得到的CO、CO2、CH4、H2S、H2、O2和N2等組分拉曼光譜具有可明顯區分的特征峰,通過計量特征峰峰高可同時測定各組分氣體的含量。

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難點突破:四方儀器拉曼方案的原位分析優勢

面對魯奇爐粗煤氣出口這一成分復雜、工況惡劣的重點監測需求,原位分析技術展現出不可替代的優勢。四方儀器推薦的核心解決方案是:原位激光拉曼光譜氣體分析儀LRGA-3200EX。

技術原理簡述:拉曼光譜基于光與分子相互作用產生的非彈性散射。不同分子具有獨特的“指紋"拉曼位移光譜,一臺儀器即可同時識別和定量多種氣體組分。

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攻克核心難點:

多組分同步快速分析,一機掌控全局:單臺設備即可實時同步在線測量粗煤氣中多種關鍵組分(包括同核雙原子分子H2、O2、N2以及CH4、CO、CO2、H2S、COS、CnHm等),響應速度達秒級。無需復雜預處理,無交叉干擾,提供最直接的工藝氣體實時全組分數據。標配4通道同步測量能力,輕松滿足多點位并行監測需求。

氣體濃度與熱值同步顯示,決策零延遲:生產過程中氣體成分與熱值時刻處于動態變化,四方儀器拉曼分析儀在精確監測各組分濃度的同時,實時計算并同步顯示熱值,消除數據滯后,為工藝參數優化提供及時且精準的依據。

無懼惡劣工況,原位測量保真度高:此優勢核心在于耐高溫高壓、防腐蝕的原位探頭設計。探頭直接插入工藝管道,原位獲取濃度信息并通過長光纖高速回傳,有效規避了抽取方式因樣氣傳輸導致的組分失真、吸附、冷凝、焦油堵塞及維護頻繁等痛點。

雙重安全保障,護航生產與人員:高精度監測微量O2,提前預警爆炸風險;實時鎖定H2S、COS等有毒氣體濃度,保障人員安全。儀器本體采用正壓防爆設計,配備≥50米可定制長度光纖,確保分析單元始終遠離高風險工藝區域,實現本質安全。


更多技術方案可選:

非分光紅外氣體分析儀(NDIR技術)Gasboard-3500擁有0~100ppm超低濃度CO/CO2的高精度在線監測能力,同時可精確測量CH4、熱值等關鍵參數。配備專業前置預處理系統,確保在高濕度、高粉塵等惡劣工況下穩定運行,防爆設計為工業安全保駕護航。

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抽取式激光氣體分析系統(TDLAS技術):GasTDL-3110針對樣氣中高粉塵的工況設計,由取樣探頭、預處理單元、控制單元、氣體分析單元四部分構成,可實時連續反映被測氣體濃度。

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結語

魯奇爐工藝的復雜氣體組成和嚴苛工況,使得可靠、精準、全面的原位氣體成分監測成為其高效安全運行的命脈。四方儀器自主研發的激光拉曼光譜氣體分析技術,憑借其多組分同步原位測量的抗干擾能力、耐受惡劣工況及低維護的核心優勢,成功解決了魯奇爐氣體監測的關鍵挑戰,為客戶提供洞察工藝、優化運行、保障安全的強大數據支撐。選擇四方,為您的魯奇爐裝置賦予精準可靠的“工藝之眼"與“安全之盾"。


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